FIQH AND MUAMALAT (JURISPRUDENCE AND SOCIAL RELATIONS)

Sub-strand 2.1: Prayers on Special Occasions (Swalatul Jum’a and Swalatul Idd)

1. Swalatul Jum’a (Friday Prayer):

Conditions for Validity: 

• Time: Performed during the time of Dhuhr prayer on Friday.
  • Congregation: Must be performed in congregation, preferably in a mosque.
  • Khutbah (Sermon): Two sermons before the prayer are essential.
  • Location: Performed in a city or a designated area.
  • Imam: Led by a qualified Imam.

Significance: 

• Social Gathering: Fosters unity and brotherhood among Muslims.
  • Spiritual Renewal: Provides an opportunity for reflection and spiritual guidance.
  • Community Building: Strengthens community bonds and addresses social issues.
  • Seeking Blessings: Performing Jum’a prayer is a means of seeking Allah’s blessings.

Performance: 

• Khutbah: Two sermons delivered by the Imam.
  • Prayer: Two rak’ahs (units) led by the Imam.
  • Sunnah Acts: Performing sunnah prayers before and after Jum’a.

 Preparation: 

• Ghusl (Full Bath): Recommended to take a bath before the prayer.
  • Clean Clothes: Wearing clean and presentable clothes.
  • Perfume: Applying perfume.
  • Early Arrival: Arriving early to the mosque.
  • Listening to Khutbah: Paying attention to the sermon.
• Swalatul Idd (Eid Prayers):

 Conditions for Validity: 

• Time: Performed after sunrise on Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.
  • Congregation: Performed in congregation, preferably in a large open area or mosque.
  • Khutbah: Two sermons after the prayer.
  • Specific Takbeerat: Extra takbeerat (saying “Allahu Akbar”) during the prayer.

 Significance: 

• Celebration: Marks the end of Ramadan (Eid al-Fitr) and commemorates Prophet Ibrahim’s (AS) sacrifice (Eid al-Adha).
  • Expression of Gratitude: Expresses gratitude to Allah for His blessings.
  • Strengthening Bonds: Promotes unity and strengthens bonds within the community.
  • Sharing Joy: Encourages sharing joy and happiness with family and friends.  Performance: 

• Takbeerat: Saying extra takbeerat before the prayer.
  • Prayer: Two rak’ahs (units) led by the Imam.
  • Khutbah: Two sermons delivered by the Imam after the prayer.

Preparation: 

• Ghusl (Full Bath): Recommended to take a bath before the prayer.
  • Clean Clothes: Wearing new or best clothes.
  • Perfume: Applying perfume.
  • Paying Zakat al-Fitr (Eid al-Fitr): Giving charity before the Eid prayer.
  • Sacrificing an Animal (Eid al-Adha): If capable, sacrificing an animal and sharing it.
  • Takbeerat: Reciting takbeerat on the way to the prayer.
• Socio-Spiritual Development:
  • Unity and Brotherhood: Jum’a and Idd prayers bring Muslims together, fostering unity and brotherhood.
  • Spiritual Nourishment: The sermons provide spiritual guidance and reminders.
  • Social Awareness: Khutbahs often address social issues, promoting awareness and responsibility.
  • Gratitude and Reflection: Idd prayers encourage gratitude and reflection on Allah’s blessings.
  • Community Cohesion: These prayers strengthen community bonds and promote social harmony.
• Earning Allah’s Rewards:
  • Obedience: Performing these prayers is an act of obedience to Allah.
  • Seeking Forgiveness: These prayers are opportunities to seek Allah’s forgiveness.
  • Spiritual Purification: They help purify the heart and soul.
  • Blessings: Allah bestows blessings upon those who perform these prayers sincerely.
• Appreciation as Important Events:
  • Islamic Calendar: Jum’a is a weekly reminder, and Eid prayers are annual celebrations that mark significant events in the Islamic calendar.
  • Cultural Significance: These prayers are integral to Islamic culture and tradition.
  • Spiritual Significance: They hold deep spiritual significance for Muslims worldwide.

Suggested Learning Experiences:

• Online Research: Research the conditions and significance of Jum’a and Idd prayers.
  • Group Discussions: Discuss the socio-spiritual benefits of these prayers.
  • Video Clips: Watch videos on the performance of Jum’a and Idd prayers.
  • Khutbah Preparation: Prepare and role-play sample khutbahs.
  • Simulation: Simulate the performance of Jum’a and Idd prayers.
  • Video Creation: Create videos on the performance of these prayers and share on social media.
  • Practical Demonstration: Demonstrate the fardh and sunnah acts of these prayers.

Sub-strand 2.2: Funeral Rites (Ghusl, Kafan, Swalah, and Dafan)

1. Description of Funeral Rites:
   1. Ghusl (Bathing the Deceased): 
      1. This is the ritual washing of the deceased’s body.
      1. It is performed by Muslims who are knowledgeable in the proper procedure.
      1. The body is washed with clean water, usually three times, and perfumed. ü The intention is to purify the body before burial.
      1. Image: Depiction of Ghusl.       
   1. Kafan (Shrouding the Deceased): 
      1. This involves wrapping the deceased’s body in clean, white cloth.
      1. The number of layers of cloth varies (typically three for men and five for women). ü The shrouding is done in a respectful and dignified manner.
      1. Image: Depiction of Kafan.       
   1. Swalah al-Janazah (Funeral Prayer): 
      1. This is a special prayer performed for the deceased.
      1. It is done in congregation, without bowing or prostration.
      1. It includes supplications for the deceased’s forgiveness and mercy.
      1. Image: Depiction of Swalah al-Janazah.      
   1. Dafan (Burial):
      1. This is the burial of the deceased’s body in the ground.
      1. The body is placed in the grave facing the Qibla (direction of Mecca).
      1. The grave is filled with earth, and supplications are made for the deceased. ü It is preferable to bury the deceased in a Muslim cemetery.
      1. Image: Depiction of Dafan.       
2. Importance of Funeral Rites (Fardh Kifayah):
   1. Communal Obligation (Fardh Kifayah): If some Muslims perform these rites, the rest are absolved of the responsibility.
   1. Respect for the Deceased: They show respect and honor to the deceased.
   1. Fulfilling Islamic Duty: They fulfill a religious obligation.
   1. Spiritual Purification: They purify the deceased’s body and seek forgiveness for their sins.
   1. Community Solidarity: They bring the Muslim community together in a time of grief.
   1. Reminder of Mortality: They serve as a reminder of the transient nature of life.
3. Demonstration of Funeral Rites:

v Ghusl: 

• Wash the body with clean water, starting with the right side.
  • Use a mild soap and perfume.
  • Ensure the body is clean and free from impurities.

v Kafan: 

• Use clean, white cloth.
  • Wrap the body in layers, ensuring it is covered completely. ü Tie the shrouds securely.

v Swalah al-Janazah: 

• Stand in congregation behind the Imam.
  • Recite the supplications for the deceased.
  • Make dua (supplications) for forgiveness and mercy.

v Dafan: 

• Dig a grave with a niche (lahd) facing the Qibla.
  • Lower the body into the grave gently.
  • Fill the grave with earth and make supplications.
• Acknowledging Funeral Rites as Respect:
  • Dignity: These rites are performed with dignity and respect.
  • Honoring the Deceased: They honor the deceased and their memory.
  • Spiritual Care: They provide spiritual care and support for the deceased’s soul.
  • Community Support: They offer support to the deceased’s family and loved ones.
  • Reflecting Islamic Values: They reflect the Islamic values of compassion and respect for all human beings.
• Collection and Distribution of Zakat in Kenya:

 Collection Mechanisms: 

• Mosques and Islamic centers often facilitate zakat collection.
  • Islamic organizations and charities collect zakat and distribute it to eligible recipients.
    • Some individuals distribute zakat directly to those in need.

 Distribution Methods: 

• Zakat is distributed to the eight categories of beneficiaries mentioned in the Quran (Surah At-Tawbah 9:60).
  • Distribution includes providing food, shelter, education, healthcare, and financial assistance to the poor and needy.
    • Some organizations use zakat funds for community development projects.

 Challenges: 

• Lack of centralized and organized zakat collection systems.
  • Difficulty in identifying and reaching all eligible recipients.
    • Ensuring transparency and accountability in zakat administration.
    • Addressing regional disparities in zakat distribution.
• Challenges in the Administration of Zakat in Kenya:
  • Lack of Awareness: Many Muslims are not fully aware of their zakat obligations.
  • Misunderstanding of Nisab and Rates: Some people struggle with calculating zakat accurately.
  • Trust and Transparency: Ensuring trust in zakat collection and distribution.
  • Logistical Challenges: Reaching remote areas and distributing zakat efficiently.
  • Misuse of Funds: Preventing corruption and misuse of zakat funds.
  • Documentation: Lack of proper record keeping.
  • Lack of Cooperation: Lack of cooperation from wealthy muslims.
• Significance of Zakat for Socio-Economic Growth:
  • Poverty Alleviation: Zakat helps reduce poverty by providing financial assistance to the needy.
  • Economic Redistribution: It promotes a more equitable distribution of wealth.
  • Social Welfare: Zakat funds support social welfare programs, such as education and healthcare.
  • Community Development: It contributes to community development projects that benefit the poor and marginalized.
  • Economic Stimulus: Zakat spending can stimulate local economies.
  • Spiritual Purification: Zakat purifies the wealth of the giver and fosters a sense of social responsibility.
• Calculation of Zakat:
  • Nisab: The minimum amount of wealth that triggers the zakat obligation.
  • Rate: 2.5% of eligible wealth that has been held for one lunar year.
  • Eligible Assets: 
    • Gold and silver: Calculate based on current market value.
    • Cash and bank deposits: Include savings and current accounts.
    • Business inventory: Calculate on the market value of goods.
    • Livestock: Calculate based on specific numbers and types.
    • Agricultural produce: Calculate based on the harvest.
  • Examples:
    • If someone has $10,000 in savings for a year, their zakat is $10,000 * 0.025 = $250. ü If a business has an inventory worth $50,000, their zakat is $50,000 * 0.025 = $1,250.
• Appreciation of Zakat’s Importance:
  • Religious Obligation: Zakat is a pillar of Islam and an act of obedience to Allah.
  • Social Justice: It promotes social justice and reduces economic inequality.
  • Spiritual Growth: It purifies the heart and fosters a sense of compassion.
  • Community Well-being: It contributes to the overall well-being of the Muslim community.
  • Economic Development: Zakat supports sustainable economic development and poverty reduction.

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